渔业是指捕捞和养殖鱼类和其他水生动物及海藻类等水生植物以取得水产品的社会生产部门。一般分为海洋渔业、淡水渔业。渔业可为人民生活和国家建设提供食品和工业原料。
开发和利用水域，采集捕捞与人工养殖各种有经济价值的水生动植物以取得水产品的社会生产部门。是广义农业的重要组成部分。按水域可分为海洋渔业和淡水渔业；按生产特性分为养殖业和捕捞业。广义的渔业还包括：①直接渔业生产前部门。渔船、渔具、渔用仪器、渔用机械及其他渔用生产资料的生产和供应部门。②直接渔业后部门。水产品的贮藏、加工、运输和销售等部门。渔业生产的主要特点是以各种水域为基地，以具有再生性的水产经济动植物资源为对象，具有明显的区域性和季节性，初级产品具鲜活、易变腐和商品性的特点。渔业是国民经济的一个重要部门。丰富的蛋白质含量为世界提供总消费量的6%，动物性蛋白质消费量的24%，还可以为农业提供优质肥料，为畜牧业提供精饲料，为食品、医药、化工工业提供重要原料。中国18000多公里的海岸线，有辽阔的大陆架和滩涂，有20万平方公里的淡水水域，1000多种经济价值较高的水产动植物，发展渔业有良好的自然条件和广阔前景。
英文：fisheries
海洋渔业:marine fisheries
淡水渔业：freshwater fisheries
捕捞渔业：capture fisheries
养殖渔业：aquaculture
[编辑本段]当前中国渔业发展现状
中国渔业经过改革开放以来的高速发展期和近年来的调整整顿，步入了一个持续、稳定、健康的阶段、其主要特点有以下几个方面：
（一）
产业结构进一步优化，产业素质明显提高．改革开放以来，由于中国对渔业经济体制和价格体制进行了改革，极大地调动了渔农民发展生产的积极性，使我国渔业走上了一个快速发展的阶段，水产品产量大幅度提高，自1990年起连续十几年位居世界第一位、渔业的发展不仅满足了人们的水产品需求，扩大了水产品出口，而且为调整和优化农业产业结构，增加了渔民的收入做出了重要的贡献。近年来，随着产业的不断发展，我国渔业经济增长方式开始发生重大转变，从过去单纯追求产量增长，转向更加注重质量和效益的提高；注重资源的可持续发展．为了减缓海洋捕捞产量高速增长对资源造成的压力，对海洋渔业结构实行战略性调整，自1999年开始，首次提出海洋捕捞产量“零增长”的目标，后又进一步提出“负增长”的目标对海洋捕捞强度实行了严格的控制制度。自2002年起，为减缓新的海洋制度实施对我国海洋渔业造成的影响，国家实施了海洋捕捞渔民转产转业工程，连续三年由中央政府出资对渔民报废渔船实施补贴，引导渔民压减渔船，退出海洋捕捞业。近年来我国水产品产量增长幅度保持在3－4％左右，呈现稳定发展的态势；其中养殖产量增长幅度较大。而捕捞产量已开始出现下降的趋势．2002年水产品总产量达4565万吨，较上年增长4％，其中海洋捕捞产量1433万吨，比上年下降22％。
由于国家加大了渔港和渔业基础设施建设的投入，并在产业政策上予以扶持，我国渔业整体素质和现代化水平有一定提高；同时由于坚持了以市场为导向，及时对产品结构和生产方式进行调整，狠抓产品质量，使渔业效益明显提高，渔业产值和渔民收入有了较大幅度增长。
（二）
水产养殖继续保持快速发展的态势，而且发展的质量和效益明显提高。目前，我国水产养殖业已从过去追求养殖面积扩大和养殖产量增加，转向更加注重品种结构调整和产品质量提高。新的养殖技术和新的养殖品种不断推出，养殖领域进一步拓展，名特优水产品养殖规模不断扩大，工厂化养殖、生态健康养殖模式迅速发展，深水网箱养殖发展势头迅猛，养殖业的规模化、集约化程度逐步提高。2002年水产养殖面积达6815千公顷，养殖产量达2907万吨，分别比上年增长2％和平解决％，养殖产量占水产品总产量的比重达64％，其中名特优产水产品的养殖面积和养殖产量明显增加。
（三）
水产品贸易持续增长，远洋渔业发展质量进一步提高。近年来，随着我国加入WTO，我国渔业以更加开放的姿态融入世界渔业发展格局。随着国家减船转产计划和发展远洋渔业的优惠政策的实施，远洋渔业特别是大洋性公海渔业得到较快的发展，入渔船数和企业效益不断提高，管理更加规范、目前，我国共有1800多艘远洋渔船作业于世界三大洋和40多个国家和地区管辖海域、问时我国水产品国际贸易近年来也得到迅速的发展，优势水产品的出口市场已基本形成，除日本、韩国、香港等传统出口市场外，对美国、欧盟等国家和地区的出口也有较大的增长；形成以发达国家和地区为主的国际市场格局、2002年我国水产品对外贸易总量4576万吨。贸易额的6亿美元其中出口208.5万吨，出口额46.9亿美元，水产品已成为各地农产品出口创汇的拳头产品、特别是在养殖水产品出口方面；鳗鲡、对虾、贝类、罗非鱼、大黄鱼、河蟹六大类名优水产品在国际市场有较高的知名度和竞争力。
（四）
渔业资源和生态环境保护力度不断加大．在产业发展的同时中国政府更加重视渔业资源和生态环境的保护，实行了严格的禁渔期和禁渔期制度，严格控制捕捞强度，对捕捞渔船进行大规模压减，对资源和生态环境保护产生了积极的影响。自1995年起，中国政府在东黄海全面实行伏季休渔制度，自1999年起将休渔范围扩大到南海、目前，中国沿海已全面实行了2－3个月的伏季休渔制度；休渔的渔船达11万多艘，涉及渔民100多万名、该制度实行已经9年，取得了良好的生态、经济和社会效益；对渔业资源的养殖养护产生了重要的作用。自2002年起，我国长江流域首次实行禁渔期制度；2003年将禁渔范围进一步扩大；目前禁渔范围包括金沙江江段以下长江干流和主要通江湖泊，涉及渔民5万多人、目前我国的主要湖泊也已普遍实施了禁渔期制度，有的禁渔时间已长达半年，青海湖自2001年开始实施为期十年的封湖禁渔制度。各地还加大对电、炸、鱼等非法作业万式的查处力度，加大水生野生动物的保护和管理力度、在此基础上，各地还积极开展渔业资源增殖放流和人工鱼礁建设；对养护渔业资源。改善渔业水域生态环境产生了积极的作用。
一、什么是水产生态养殖
养鱼的朋友都知道，我们养鱼的鱼塘是一个复杂的生态系统。水面以上有阳光，空气；塘基上有陆生植物；水是有鱼、有各种水生植物、昆虫、蚤类、藻类、真菌、细菌、病毒、以及有机物和无机盐。池底有淤泥，同样也生长得上述生物及有机物和无机盐。它们之间存在着相养、相生、相帮、相克等极其复杂的关系，生态养殖就是合理利用它们之间的相生、相养、相帮、相克的关系，生产我们所需要的水产品。合理利用它们之间的关系，不管是从经济效益还是社全效益和环境效益，都能达到一个最好的结果，这就是生态养殖。
二、什么是绿色无公害水产品
首先，养殖基地必须经过认证，其中最主要的是大气、土壤、水质必须符合《农产品安全质量----水产品产地环境要求》国家标准和《无公害食品淡水养殖用水水质》农业部标准的要求；其次，必须按照无公害水产品的生产技术操作规程进行养殖，从苗种放养到饲料、肥料、渔药等一切投入品的使用，再到产品的捕捞、贮运、质检、包袋、上市的各个环节均需符合相关标准或规范的要求；第三，产品必须经过政府指定的权威质检机构的抽检、完全合格并颁证后方能进入市场销售。
三、水产生态养殖有何意义
1，环境效益：传统的养殖模式，不但用水量大，而且施用的大剂量的国家违禁药品，如硫酸铜、孔雀石绿、敌百虫、呋喃类药等，随着大量换水，对坏境造成很大的破坏。同时对于鱼塘底质也造成难以估量的损害，使鱼塘生态环境遭到极大的破坏，恶性病源微生物大量增殖。生产的水产品通过食物链的扩散，不但对人的健康造成了损害，对环境的破环也是巨大的。
2，社会效益：随着人民生活水平的提高，人们环保意思的加强，人们更加注重食品安全性，加上我国加入WTO，水产品要进入国际市场，必须达到别国的食品安全标准，因此，为了国人的身体健康，和中国水产品出口的高额利润，必须执行生态养殖。
3，经济效益：传统的养殖模式，已经造成了鱼池微生物菌群严重失衡，病原微生物巨增，抗药性增强，养鱼户不得不加大药物用量，结果鱼病治不好，鱼体受伤，产量锐减，品质下降，成本增加，泛塘事件屡屡发生。这就是我们大通湖及周边地区常规鱼养殖户放弃养鱼，鱼塘种棉花怪现像发生的主要原因。湖北养鱼户率先应用了微生物制剂生态养殖法，已产生了可喜的成绩，他们生产的草鱼以低于我地每公斤1元的绝对优势，占领着湖南岳阳鲜鱼市场和其它湖南部份鲜鱼市场。在黄鳝养殖上也是用药泡着，隔三差五施药，严重影响了黄鳝的生长和产品品质，使养殖成本居高不下。更有甚者，越冬黄鳝成箱成箱的死亡，给我们不施执生态养殖敲响了警钟。我们养殖户必须改变生产观念！走出传统养殖模式的怪圈。
四，倡导生态养殖的可行性
随着我国水产科学的进步，已经为生态养殖研究出了系统的技术，制定了科学的标准，同时也研究出了适合生态养殖的高效、低残留、低剂量的水产用药，特别中成药和中药提取物，和有益微生物制剂天意EM原露，深圳希科安公司生产的动物强壮剂饲料添加剂-活力素。更是我们施执生态养殖有了足够的保障。广东的亩产草鱼过吨半的事例，同样也可以作为生态养殖的可行性的佐证。
五、怎样实行生态养殖
生态养殖包含的范畴很宽，它主要有如下几种。(一)人工生态环境养殖法。(二)多品种立体养殖法。(三)开放式流水或微流水养殖法。(四)全封闭循环水工厂化养殖法。(五)水产品与农作物共生互利养殖法。(六)使用微生物制剂养殖法。因为篇幅的限制，我这里不能作一一的阐述，就着重对使用微生物制剂法加以说明，如果对前五种方法感兴趣的朋友，请到我部咨询。 什么是微生物制剂养殖法：近10年来，微生物活菌制剂逐渐在水产养殖中得到应用推广，这给无公害健康养殖生产提供了有力的保障。目前较多使用的产品有光合细菌制剂，芽胞杆菌、乳酸杆菌制剂，天意EM原露等。他们能分解水体中的残饵、鱼粪等有机质，降低水中的氨氮含量，使养殖水体变清洁，从而改善了环境；他们能改善养殖对象的胃肠道内环境，增强食欲，促进生长，提高饲料报酬；他们还能强化养殖对象的免疫功能，提高免疫力，增强抗病能力；还能强化有益菌群，防止和减少细菌性疾病的发生与蔓延。
I. What is the aquatic eco-farming
Fish friends are aware that we fish ponds is a complex ecosystem. The sun above the water, air; Tong have land-based plants; water is a fish, a variety of aquatic plants, insects, fleas, algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and organic and inorganic salts. Mud bottom there is also growing these organisms and organic and inorganic salts. Between them there is a phase dependent, with students such as grams of extremely complex relations, ecological farming is the rational use of their students with dependents,compared the relationship between grams, production of aquatic products we need. Rational use of the relations between them, whether from economic or social benefits and environmental benefits the whole, to achieve the best results, this is the eco-culture.
Second, what is the green pollution-free aquatic
First of all, the breeding base to be certified, of which the most important thing is the atmosphere, soil, water quality must be consistent with "the quality safety of agricultural products ---- environmental requirements of aquatic origin," National Institute of Standards and "pollution-free water for the water quality of freshwater aquaculture products," the Ministry of Agriculture standards requirements; Second, pollution-free aquatic products in accordance with the rules of production technologies for breeding, from fry stocking to feed, fertilizer, Drugs, such as the use of all inputs, to fishing products, storage and transportation, quality inspection, bag listed to comply with all aspects of the relevant standards or norms; the third, the product must go through the authority designated by the Government of the sampling inspection agencies, fully qualified and licensing in order to enter the market after the sale.
Third, what is the significance of aquatic eco-farming
1, environmental benefits: the traditional mode of farming, not only large quantities of water, and the application of large doses of countries banned substances, such as copper, malachite green, trichlorfon, furans and other drugs, with a large number of the water, on the bad habitat caused great damage. Substrate for the fish ponds at the same time also caused incalculable damage to fish ponds in the ecological environment has been greatly damaged, a large number of malignant proliferation of pathogenic micro-organisms. Produced by the proliferation of aquatic products through the food chain, not only on human health damage, environmental destruction is enormous.
2, social benefits: With the improvement of people's lives, it is meant to strengthen environmental protection, people pay more attention to food safety, coupled with China's accession to the WTO, aquatic products to enter the international market, other countries must meet food safety standards, therefore, To the health of the people, and China, the export of aquatic products of high profits, they must be the implementation of eco-farming.
3, cost-effective: the traditional mode of farming, has caused a serious imbalance in Yuchih microbial flora, pathogenic microorganisms by macrophages, enhanced resistance, the fish farmers had to increase the drug dosage, the results of fish diseases body injuries, sharp drop in output, decline in quality, cost increase has occurred frequently Tong Pan. This is our Chase Lake and the surrounding areas of conventional fish farmers to give up fish, fish ponds is strange to produce much cotton as the main reason for the occurrence. Hubei mariculturists microbial agents take the lead in the application of eco-farming method, has produced gratifying results, they produced less than I in grass carp to 1 yuan per kilogram of absolute superiority, occupied the fish market in Hunan Yueyang in Hunan Province and other parts of fresh fish market. In the rice field eel is also a drug culture on the bubble, andapplication, Monopterus seriously affected the growth and product quality, so that the cost of high culture. Even worse, the winter Monopterus boxes into the death of me, to us they are no wake-up call ecological farming. Fish farmers must change our production concept! Out of the traditional model of the cycle of breeding.
Fourth, promote the feasibility of eco-farming
With the progress of China's Aquatic Sciences, has been developed for the ecological farming system technology, has developed standards for science, but also for eco-culture has developed a highly efficient and low-residue, low-dose administration of fisheries, particularly in medicine and Chinese extract, and beneficial microbial preparations reveal the original EM Providence, Shenzhenproduced tonic animal feed additives - Huolisu. Shi Zhi and it is eco-farming has been adequately protected. Guangdong's per-mu yield of grass carp have been a half tons of examples, the same can also be used as the feasibility of eco-culture of evidence.
Fifth, how to implement eco-farming
Ecological farming includes a wide scope, it has the following several major. (A) the ecological environment of artificial breeding method. (B) three-dimensional multi-species breeding method. (C) open-water or water micro-culture method. (D) closed the factory farm method of circulating water. (V) aquatic symbiotic and mutually beneficial crop breeding method. (Vi) the use of microbial culture preparation method. Because of space limitations, I can not be here on the 11, we focus on the use of microbial preparations to illustrate this method, if the methods of the former five friends interested in, please go to the Department of advice I have. What is the breeding method microbial agents: the past 10 years, gradually Microorganisms in aquaculture are applied to promote the health of this culture to the pollution-free production provided strong protection. At present, more products are used preparations of photosynthetic bacteria, Bacillus, Lactobacillus preparations, such as an act of God reveal the original EM. They can break down残饵water, fish manure and other organic matter, reduce the ammonia content in water, so that culture change clean water, thereby improving the environment; they can object to improve the breeding environment of the gastrointestinal tract, enhance the appetite, promote growth and improve feed remuneration; they can strengthen the immune function of the target culture and enhance immunity, enhanced disease resistance; can strengthen the beneficial bacteria to prevent and reduce the occurrence of bacterial diseases and the spread.
