英语八大时态英语动词的时态
1． 一般现在时
一般现在时的形式
是以动词的原形表示的,当主语为第三人称单数时,做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or -es, 其构成方式列表如下：
情况 构成 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I,再加-es Tries, carries
但是,动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式特殊如下：
一般动词的词形变化 To be 的词形变化 To have 的词形变化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.
一般现在时的功用
1. 表示一直发生的事情,经常发生的动作：
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Excuse me, do you speak English?
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
It often rains in summer in Beijing.
2. 表示客观事实或者真理：
Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 谈论时间表、旅程表等,如：
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.
Tomorrow is Thursday.
4. 谈论籍贯、国籍等,如：
Where do you come from?
I come from China. 你是哪国人?我是中国人.
Where do you come from?
I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪里人?我是广州人.
5. 询问或者引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信笺内容,如：
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.”
莎士比亚说：“既不要向人借钱,也不要借钱给别人.”
一般过去时
一般过去时是表示在说话时间以前发生的动作或者状态的动词时态,它是英语时态体系中最重要的时态之一.
1) 一般过去时规则动词的构成形式：
规则动词在其原形后面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e结尾的规则动词,只加-d:
to love---loved
对所有人称均无词形变化.
否定式均由did not + 动词原形构成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑问式均由 did + 主语 + 动词原形 构成
拼写注意：
情况 变化 例词
动词为单音节,以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit-admitted
以y结尾的动词,在y 前为辅音字母时 Y 变为 I ,加 - ed Carry -carriedHurry -hurried
以y 结尾的动词,在y 前为元音字母时 加-ed Obey-obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英语当中有一部分动词的过去式变化形式是不规则的,这类动词被称为不规则动词.总数大概不过200多个,但是使用频率很高.主要分成三类：
1》 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形,如：
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意,有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两中形式,如：
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形,如：
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hid / hidden
get got got/ gotten(AmE)
lead led led
3》 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同,如：
原形 过去式 过去分词
begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同,如：
come came come
become became become
run ran run
一般过去时的功用
1） 表示一个没指明具体时间的过去的行动,如：
He worked in that bank for four years. (没说明起始时间,但是现在不在那里工作了).
They once saw Deng Xiaopin.
Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing?
2) 表示在过去特定的时间结束的行动,如：
When did you meet him?
I met him yesterday.
When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University.
Where have you been?
I’ve been to the opera.
Did you enjoy it?
3) 表示过去的习惯
He always carried an umbrella.
They never drank wine.
现在完成时
现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked?
You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?
He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked?
We(you / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked?
紧缩形式
现在完成时的功用
现在完成时可以说成是兼有现在与过去意义的一种复合时态.它与现在有密切联系,如：
------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name.
和现在的联系就是 I don’t remember her name now.
------Fort has gone to Canada.
和现在的联系就是 He is not here. He is in Canada now.
1) 表示延续到现在的动作 （有时是总计做了多少次等）.
How many times have you been to the United States?
She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.
Tom has lived in Now York all his life.
2) 表示开始与过去而在说话时刻结束的行动,如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了.（说话时刻已经见到了）
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (也许从说话开始时刻就要打扫它了)
3) 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响,如：
The window has broken.
4) 和最高级连用,表示到现在为止是最……的
What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
Is it a thick book?------Yes, it is the thickest book I’ve ever read.
5) 和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 连用,如：
This is the first time he has driven a car.
(相当于 he has never driven a car before.)
Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. It’s the second time he has lost it.
6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用,如：
Have you ever eaten French cheese?
We have never had a private car.
Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止)
Would you like something to eat?
No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.
Don’t forget to mail the letter, will you?
I’ve already mailed it. (already 表示比预料的要快)
7）与since 连用,since 表示与某一时刻或从句连用,表示“从那一刻到说话时为止”,它总是与完成时连用,如：
She has been here since 6 o’clock.
He hasn’t been himself since the accident. （那次事故后,他从未完全康复）
Since I was a child I have lived in England.
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
1） 过去时仅仅表示过去,现在完成时还表示与现在的关系,如：
He has lost his key.
He lost his key.
2) 与现在无关的或者过去很久的历史事件不能用现在完成时
The Chinese invented printing.
Shakespear wrote Hamlet.
3)如果说明动作有特定的过去时间,就不能用现在完成时,如：
Did you see the film on television last night?
Tom lost his key yesterday.
询问某事发生的具体时间或者地点时（when , what time, where）, when , what time, where）, 用一般过去时,如：
What time did they arrive?
When and where were you born?
比较：
Have you see Ann this moring? ( 说话时仍为上午)
Did you see Ann this morning? ( 说话时为下午)
Jack has lived in London for six years. 还在伦敦住
Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住伦敦了
I have never played golf in my life.
I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.
现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词to be 的现在时 + 现在分词构成：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I am working.You are working.He (she) is working.We (you,they) are working. I am not working.You are not working.He (she) is not working.We (you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working?
现在分词的构成,是在动词原形上加-ing, 但是应该注意：
情况 变化 例词
动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
动词以 -ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
动词为单音节：以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
动词为双音节或者多音节：最后一个音节为重读音节,以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
现在进行时的功用
1） 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.
2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作,但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
这些动作,在说话时并不一定在发生或进行,而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的.
3）表示最近的确定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示.但是谈论已确定的安排时候,用现在进行时态显得更加自然,除非受到动词的功能的限制.在此,切不可用will, 如：
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 连用表示某种情绪,可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬,如：
Tom is always going away for weekends.
My husband is always doing homework.
有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作,一般不用于进行时.例如,我们一般不说 I am knowing, 而说 I know. 常见的这类动词有：
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have （拥有）belong
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow?
I remember him very well.
I think I understand what he wants.
一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
一般现在时表示的是一般、重复的动作或者事情
现在进行时表示说话时或说话前后正在发生的动作或事情,如：
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.
What do you do? 你是干什么工作的?
What are you doing here? 你在这里干什么?
一般现在时是表示经久的情况,而现在进行时表示的是暂时的,如：
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.
过去进行时
过去进行时的构成形式为：
I / he /she was
We / they / you were + 动词的现在分词
过去进行时的功用
1） 表示在过去某个时间后者某段时间正在进行的动作,如：
When I rang him up, he was having dinner.
This time last year I was living in Shanghai.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
2) 过去进行时和一般过去时连用,表示在一个动作发生的过程中,发生了另一个动作,如：
It was raining when I got up.
I fell asleep when I was watching television.
3) 过去一般时所说明的动作是已经完成的,而过去进行时不表示正在进行的动作一定会完成,如：
Tom was cooking the dinner.
Tom cooked the dinner.
现在完成进行时
其构成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
功用如下：
1） 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
过去将来时
构成
一般过去将来时是由"should/would + 动词原形"构成的.
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.
昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎.
They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.
他们想知道怎样才能早一点儿完成家庭作业.
用法
一般过去将来时的出发点是过去,即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态.
①一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中
He said they would arrange a party.
他说他们将安排一个晚会.
I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.
我问他是否来帮我修电视机.
②一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.
如果我有机会出国学习的话,我就会去剑桥大学.
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.
今晚他能和我一起去看**就好了.
过去将来时间其他表达法
①was/were going to + 动词原形
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
他说他退休后要住在农村.
They thought it was going to rain.
他们认为天要下雨了.
②was/were + 动词-ing形式
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.
没人知道客人们是否要来.
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.
我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了.
③was/were + 动词不定式
She said she was to clean the classroom after school.
她说她放学后要打扫教室.
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.
据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥.
注意：
"was/were going to + 动词原形"或"was/were +动词不定式完成式"可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作.
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的,但却下雨了.（没有去成）
I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.
我是打算帮忙演出的,但前天我感冒了.（没有帮上忙）
④was/were about to do
"was/were about to do"表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作.
I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了.
⑤was/were on the point of doing
I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.
很高兴你来了.我正准备给你打电话,现在你省去我这个麻烦了.
提示：
"be about to do" 和 "be on the point of doing"结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用,但后面可以接when引导的分句.
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要动身天突然下雨了.
一般将来时
A. will, shall表示一般将来时
一般将来时由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成.一般来说,shall用于第一人称,will用于第二、三人称.但在现代英语中,shall常被will 所代替,可以说I will go和 We will go.
一般将来时的用法
1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如next week, tomorrow, this evening, in a month, after class, very soon等.如：
I will go swimming this afternoon. 今天下午我要去游泳.
2. 表示将来经常发生的动作.如：
From now on, I will come for the newspaper every Monday.
从现在起我将每星期一来取报纸.
B. be going to表示一般将来时
“be going to + 动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事.
句式 句型 例句
肯定句 主语 + am / is / are
going to + 动词原形 +其他
I’m going to play football this afternoon. 今天下午我打算踢足球.
否定句 主语 + am / is / are +
not + going to + 动词原形
+ 其他
The boys aren’t going to stay at home and watch TV tomorrow. 那些男孩子们明天不准备呆在家里看电视.
一般疑问句 Am / Is / Are + 主语 +
going to + 动词原形 +其他?
Are they going to swim this
afternoon? 他们今天下午要去游泳吗?
英语八种时态详解有例句 用通俗易懂的话来说
（一）一般现在时.（do/does, am/is/are, 情态动词）
一般现在时表示的是客观事实或平时反复做的事情通常有频率副词always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,once a week,every day等.
如：The earth goes around the sun.
Japan lies east of China.
He is never late for school.
He often gets up at six every day.
Cats can climb trees.
I hear they have moved into a new house.
He writes to his father once a year.
一般现在时还可以表示、安排好的,或即将发生的事,通常使用瞬间动词come,start,begin,return,leave等.
如：My plane leaves at 6:00 a.m..
Is there any meeting today?
The game starts at 8:00.
（二）现在进行时.（am/is/are doing）
现在进行时表示现在或最近正在做的事情,后面一般接延续性的动词,都表示动作没有进行完.
如：Look! The boy is dancing.
He is watching a football game.
What are you doing now?
They are preparing for the exam recently.
还常与always,usually,constantly,forever,continually等词连用表示一种语气,“总是,老是…”,
如：He is always working late.
Why are you always making this kind of mistake?
He is continually getting into trouble with the police.
后面接暂转动词时表示正在反复的动作,或表示将来时（一般只有go, come, leave和have）
如：The monkeys are jumping.
They are hitting the tree.
表将来：We are going swimming this afternoon.
They are leaving here.
They are having an English class tomorrow.
试比较：
He is doing his homework until his parents come to take him home.
He will do his homework until his parents come to take him home.
注：表示知觉、感觉、看法、认识、情感或愿望的动词和大部分暂转动词不能用现在进行时,如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, like, hate, dislike, want, love, hate, want, know, forget, remember, understand, believe, suppose, mean, wish, hope, need, believe, refuse, suppose, have, fit, seem, fear, own等
（三）现在完成时
现在完成时中用瞬间动词表示说话时已经完成的动作,而且这个动作对现在还有影响,句中的时间副词主要有already, yet, now, by this time, by now等；用延续动词表示过去已经开始持续到现在而且还有可能继续持续下去的动作,句中的时间副词主要有this week, in the past/last/recent few years, since…, for….
如：He has already finished his homework.
He hasn’t arrived here yet.
They have been here for ten years.
He has waited here since he came.
与一般过去时比较,看下面一段对话：
A: Have you seen my book? I think I have lost it.
B: Yes, I ______ (see) it on your table just now. But it ______(not be) there any longer. Where and when ______ you ______(lose) it?
A: I think I ______ (lose) it yesterday.
B: ______ you ______ (find) it?
A: ______.(Yes./No.)
现在完成时中的瞬间动词与延续动词的相互转化：
have finished/stopped/ended → have been over
have started/begun → have been on
have joined → have been in/a member of
have turned/become/got → have been
have left → have been away from
have arrived/reached/got to → have been
have died → have been dead
have married/got married to sb. → have been married to sb.
（四）一般将来时.（will/shall do, am/is/are going to do, am/is/are doing, am/is/are about to do）
一般将来时表示将要发生或打算做的事情,
如：He will come back in two days.
When will he give the book back to me?
It’s going to rain.
We are going to hold a sports meeting next week.
They are leaving for New York.
He is about to leave.
（五）一般过去时.（did, was/were, 情态动词过去式）
一般过去时表示在过去的某个时间发生的具体事情,一般都要有表示过去的时间状语,
如：He went to school by bike yesterday.
We had a good time last night.
He could count to 1000 when he was three.
He was a teacher before.
注意：在直接引语转换成间接引语时时间状语的变化：
如：He said, “I did it yesterday.”
→ He said he did it the day before.
today → that day
yesterday → the/a/one day before
the day before yesterday → 2 days before
last week → the week before
2 weeks ago → 2 week before
tomorrow → the next day/the day after或one/a day later
the day after tomorrow → 2 days after/later
in a week/next week → the next week
in 2 weeks → 2 weeks after/later
（六）过去进行时.（was/were doing）
过去进行时表示在过去的某个具体时间里正在发生的事情,
如：He was reading newspaper at seven yesterday evening.
The Smiths are watching TV at nine last night.
When he got home, his mother was cooking.
或过去的某段时间里持续发生的事情,
如：I was studying English in London from 1990 to 1992.
He was washing the dishes from seven o’clock to seven thirty.
（七）过去完成时
表示在过去的一个动作之前就已经完成的动作,即过去之过去.注意与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时必须要有具体的时间状语.
如：The train had left before she got to the station.
They had learnt 2000 words by the end of last month.
He had been a doctor for 3 years before he came here.
He got back the book that he had left in the classroom.
No sooner had he got to the cinema than the film began.
Hardly had he got to the cinema when the film began.
注意：如果两个或几个动作连续发生且衔接紧密时用一连串的一般过去式即可.
如：He locked the door and went away.
Mr.Smith went to the market, bought some flowers and went to see his friends.
He sent a telegraph home before he left Paris.
（八）过去将来时.（would/should, was/were going to do, was/were doing）
过去将来时表示在过去某时就打算做的事情,或相对于过去将要发生的事情.
如：They were going swimming when I met them.
He said he would go to New York.
Yesterday he said it was going to rain, but it didn’t.
（九）复合时态.高中阶段所学到的复合时态主要有：
完成进行时,将来完成时和将来进行时.
完成进行时表示到目前为止一直在做某事.过去完成进行时还可以表示刚刚结束的进行动作.
如：He has been painting the house the whole morning.
They have been promising us to rise our salary these years.
They had been doing their homework for 3 hours before I came.
I asked him what he had just been doing?
He had just been sleeping before I got there.
将来完成时表示,到将来某时即将结束的动作.
如：We will have learnt 3000 English words by the end of next term.
They will have finished it by 12:00 tomorrow.
将来进行时表示将来某时正在进行的动作.
如：We will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
She will be waiting there at 8 a.m. if you ask her to.
参考《薄冰大学英语语法》
一.现在时态
1. 一般现在时
(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态
一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。如：
The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。
It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。
(2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理
Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。
Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。
(3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态
The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。
Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。
(4) 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态
I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.
When does the train arrive? 火车几点到？
(5) 用于说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明
INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.
防空洞中：斯道克顿慢慢转过身，面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去，而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。
(6) 电视节目直播解说
It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.
该卡特发球了，他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了，史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球！冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。
2. 现在进行时
(1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作
表示现阶段正在进行的动作，通常有表示现阶段的时间状语，如：today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。如：
He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。
(2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作
现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等频度副词连用。如：
She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。
(3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事
这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：
The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。
(4) 补充说明
[1] 在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字眼，但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如：
It's raining heavily. 下大雨了。
How is everything going? 事情进展如何？
[2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有：
表示感觉或感情的词，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。
表示存在或所属的词，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。
表示认识或理解的词，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。
3. 现在完成时
(1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态
现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如：
The old man have lived here for more than twenty years.
老人已在此住了20多年了。
(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作
[1] 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语，有时可以和already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如：
Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗？
[2] 有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。如：
I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。
I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次。
(3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作
I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.
我完成作业后就去参加聚会。
(4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止，我没有收到过她的信。
We have learned five hundred words up to the present.
到目前为止，我们已学了五百个生词。
但要注意：当意义明确时，适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如：
He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。
She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。
4. 现在完成进行时
(1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作
I've been writing letters all this morning.
我写了一上午信。（动作不再继续）
O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.
奥尼尔在病中，已卧床3个星期了。（动作会继续下去）
(2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作
现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作，而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如：
What have you been doing all this time?
你一直都在干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）
That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.
这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。（断断续续地反复发生的动作）
二.过去时态
1. 一般过去时
(1) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态
[1] 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句：
Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out.
出门前露茜关了所有的灯。
[2] 一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month, year)等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语应指过去。如：
Did you see him today? 你今天见他了吗？（today指今天已过去的某一时刻）
[3] 一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。如：
I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。
Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。
(2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中
Who was that? 那人是谁？
I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。
(3) 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。
Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.
汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。
2. 过去进行时
(1) 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作
[1] 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如：
We were having dinner when they came.
他们来的时候，我们正在吃饭。
三.将来时态
1. 一般将来时
(1) 基本用法
[1] 一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如：
Helena will be twenty next year. 海伦娜明年就二十岁了。
[2] 一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。如：
I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。
[3] 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿。如：
If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon.
如果你愿意等我，我马上就回来。
[4] 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如：
The shop won't open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。
Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。
(2) be going to ＋动词原形
这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。如：
What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么？ The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。
(3) 现在进行时（be ＋现在分词）
有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作，表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有：go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：
Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。
(4) be to ＋动词原形
这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。如：
When are they to come? 他们什么时候来？
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。
(5) be about to ＋动词原形
这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。如：
He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。
The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。
2. 将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事，给人一种期待感。如：
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
明天这个时候你将做什么？
3. 将来完成时
(1) 将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，往往对将来某一时间产生影响。如：
I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.
我将在本周末前读完这本书。
(2) 将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如：
By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours.
到皮尔斯开会回来的时候，我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。
4. 过去将来时
(1) 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。如：
Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor.
詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。
(2) 表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。如：
I didn’t think they would have any objection to it.
我想他们不会有什么反对意见。
(3) 表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would）。如：
Joanna would go for a walk after she had supper.
乔安娜吃完晚饭总要去散步。
