[题目] 中小科技型企业创业融资障碍分析 The Analysis of Financing Barriers for Small and Medium-sized Scientific and Technical Enterprises [摘要] 中小科技型企业比大企业更有活力，发展中小科技型企业对于促进我国国民经济的发展有非常重要的作用。 Abstract: Because small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) are more energic than big-sized enterprises, the development of small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises(SMSTEs) plays an important role in the promotion of China's national economy 但是随着经济的发展，中小科技型企业在发展中的一些问题也逐渐显现出来，其中最为突出的就是融资问题。 However, with the development of economy, some problems of SMSTEs has been emerged gradually, among which the financing problem is the biggest one 如何为中小科技型企业创造一个好的融资环境和通畅的融资渠道成为促进中小科技型企业健康快速发展的关键问题。 How to create good financing environment and free financing channels for SMSTEs, which becomes a key issue to boost the healthy and rapid development of SMSTEs 本文着重从多方面分析当前中小科技型企业在发展过程中融资难的原因，并提出了相关的对策建议，以期对解决中小科技型企业融资难的问题有所启示。 The paper focuses on analyzing the current reasons of hard financing in the development of SMSTEs from various aspects and brings forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions in order to solve the problem of hard financing for SMSTEs [关键词] 中小科技型企业；融资；障碍；对策 Key words: Small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises(SMSTE), Financing, Barriers, Countermeasures 人工翻译的。你自己安排一下格式就好了。题目和关键词中的大小写不要变。文中的small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises简称是SMSTEs,只要在第一处用上全称并在括号里表明它的简称，后面表述中就只要用简称。
《创业学》英文版
大学生创业孵化基地运营管理的研究论文
摘要： 在“大众创业，万众创新”的时代下，大学生创业孵化基地在国内多数院校中应运而生。本文从运营管理方法、项目资源管理方法、基地的文件建设和团队建设等方面提出了相应的对策，旨在优化其功能，让其成为校园里“大众创业，万众创新”的领头羊。
关键词： 创业；创业孵化；管理机制
大学生创业孵化基地是为大学生提供创业平台及相关资源，学院提供场所及相关设施，采用真实电子商务企业运营模式，以提高大学生就业竞争力和创业能力为目标的企业化实训基地。
一、大学生创业孵化基地的基本功能
1孵化功能
大学生创业基地的首要功能是可以利用高校教师的充实理论经验为企业提供多方面的企业管理、技术、服务等咨询，也可以为企业提供必要的营销策划、法律援助等，从而为企业提供创业的孵化必要条件，同时创业孵化基地还可以借助自身的种种资源优势为高校或者是社会创业者提供较好的创业和实践平台，提高企业和学生的创业成功几率。
2创业实践功能
通过创业导师和企业人员为的辅导和出谋划策，创业者在基地中可以进行互通有无，并进行相互的帮助。学生可以通过真实的创业活动，组建项目团队，以企业化运作，服务于“工学结合”人才培养模式。该基地能够使学生能够在校内感受企业的工作氛围，实现在校“顶岗实习”，零距离的体验电子商务，掌握跨入电子商务产业所需的各项技能，成为“一专多能”的应用型人才。
3创业人才培养功能
在创业孵化基地中，高校可以借助社会和高校资源开展相关的创业培训，来提高学生的创业意识和创业知识储备，主要形式可以包括专题讲座、开展各层次的创业大赛，或参与企业的创业项目等等。
二、大学生创业孵化基地的运营管理机制
1大学生创业孵化基地运营管理方法
创业孵化基地建立过程中需要学生自愿报名和学校选拔相结合，首先由学生递交加入申请，学校通过设置一些相关的创业考试，考核学生的成绩，并从中选拔出适当的成员加入。第二环节就是孵化基地的运营和管理。在基地中应实行运营总监负责制，并设置管理层和不同的业务部门，并均由学生组成进行自主管理，并在运行中会为学生配备一定的指导教师，帮助成员们利用课余时间进行公司业务的开展。后期的孵化基地运营包括网上网下，进行全方位、多媒体宣传推广；对顶岗实习的学生实行岗位考核和管理；并形成老学员带新学员的实习机制。同时实习学员在基地各岗位之间转换，全面学习和掌握电子商务技能，并对学院进行各岗位技能的全面考核，使人才的培养由专才往全才的方向发展，更好的满足招聘岗位的需求。
2项目的资源管理方法
在孵化基地中实时的项目可以是学生们自己的创意和想法，也可以通过校园创业大赛来征集相应好的创意，同时还可以和企业合作进行相关项目的开发。同时也可以通过承办一下创业大赛，从中获取相关创业项目。而对于高校来说，需要投入相关资源和人力的付出。
3大学生创业孵化基地的文化建设
主要包含两方面，精神文化和制度文化建设。创业基地的精神文化建设至关重要，因为他可以凝聚人心，规范员工的工作行为，统领员工的理想信念，提高员工的精神追求，是整个孵化基地建立的灵魂。所以在基地的建设过程中，需要不断健全相关管理制度，加强学生行为规范的养成，规范项目流程，提高设备使用率，在保证基地工作的有序开展时，通过基地文化的建设，提供基地运营的成功率。
4创业孵化团队建设
创业团队的建设对对创业的成功同样起着非常重要的作用。能够创建一支精英团队，使该基地能够高效率的运转首选需要从组建团队开始。团队的组建需要团队成员不仅需要再能力和背景上互补，同样需要职责划分清楚。(1)能力或背景上的互补在招募创业团队成员时不应该仅仅注重成员间是否能够良好互动，团队合作，成员之间的知识面、能力、背景是否互补，能够完全满足项目的运营要求，应该是重中之重。(2)职责划分和“权益”分配创业团队中每个成员加入团队的动机是不同的，有的成员是就业趋势使然，有的是趋于兴趣参加基地，当然也有很多成员希望实现人生的`创业价值，但无论是那种动机，权益就是其中非常重要的一项，所以权益分配问题也是一个敏感但必须要面临的一个问题。所以每个创业团队要明确确定一个清晰合理的利润分配方案，分配方案的内容应包括股权、期权和分红权，同时也应该包括增资、融资、扩股、撤资等与项目成员利益紧密相关的事宜。
5创业孵化团队的激励
随着创业孵化团队规模和业务范围的扩大，创业团队在后期管理上容易出现矛盾，所以需要进行有效的激励来保证团队的“战斗力”。奖励方式应包括物质和精神方面两种。物质激励方面，应该根据创业基地内成员的表现，按照“按劳分配”的原则，并结合绩效评价的结果给出相应的激励，对于表现尤为突出具有突出才能的团队成员可以给予期权物质激励。职位的奖励、环境的提升、文化的建设都应该应该包括在精神激励内容中，这样既可以调动成员的积极性，又可以提升团队成员的的凝聚力和竞争力。
大学生创业孵化基地的运行在当下对大学生就业、创业以及社会的整体进行有着巨大的推动作用。在今后孵化基地的建设中，在保证基地运营的基础上，进一步完善管理机制，创新工作模式，扩大企业规模和产业链，完善培养要求，在培养学生的过程中不断增加经济效益，从而提高整体社会的创新能力和创业水平。
参考文献：
[1]林朝中大学生创业孵化基地建设的几点思考[J]宁德师专学报,2011(4):119
[2]张庆祝大学生创业孵化基地建设理论初探[J]辽宁教育研究,2007(8):102
[3]苏益男大学生创业环境的结构维度、问题分析及对策研究[J]徐州师范大学学报,2009(6):89
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二、我校拟办“创新创业大赛”,利用文献检索知识试论述: (1) 我们可以在哪些？
创业学 作者:(美)杰弗里蒂蒙斯,小斯蒂芬斯皮内利
New Venture Creation by Jeffry A Timmons, Stephen Spinelli (2006)
你用google搜索New Venture Creation,资料多的很,我就不替你找了
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University of Alberta School of Business Department of Strategic Management and OrganizationORG A 631, lec X1 New Venture Creation and OrganizationInstructor: Prof Lloyd Steier Term: Fall 2006 Office: 4-20E BUS Time: Thursday: 6:30-9:30 Office Hrs: Drop in, or by appointment Classroom: 4-13 BUS Tel: 780-492-5176 e-mail: lsteier@ualbertacaWebsite: https://ulearnualbertaca/webapps/login____________________________________________________________________________ COURSE OUTLINE Readings In past years I have used the text by Timmons and Spinnelli (see below) as required reading This year a combination of price considerations, availability of quality readings elsewhere, and an inclusive approach to creating a curriculum; have prompted me to suggest the text as a recommended reading only New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, 6thedition, Jeffry A Timmons & Stephen Spinelli, Jr, Irwin, 2003, ISBN 0-07-249840-4 Additional reading materials will be either distributed in class or available on-line through Blackboard (http://ulearnualbertaca) VenturePrize Business Planning Competition has an excellent resource section on their website: wwwventureprizecomThis year my intent is to highlight a series of key topics commonly addressed in entrepreneurship courses and have groups research individual topics and suggest a list of required and recommended readings A link to the library’s entrepreneurship resources is posted on the course website and is a good place to start Selections must be available in full text from library databases These lists should include 3-4 required readings as well as 6 or 7 recommended readings The first group’s reading list is due Sept14 All other group lists are due September 21 Full bibliographic information should be emailed to Shelleyschindell@ualbertaca on or before the due date links to the readings will then be posted on the course website Each group is expected to facilitate discussion on the day the topic is presented, and, ALL students are expected to come to class having both read the required readings as well as prepared to participate in the discussion Broad Topics: •The re-emergence of small enterprise and role of innovation and entrepreneurship in economic development and societal wealth creation •The entrepreneurial process •Opportunity recognition and screening ORG A 631 New Venture Creation and OrganizationPage 1
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•Business planning (including elements of a business plan, “selling” the plan and screening) •Mobilizing Financial Resources I-- Family, Friends, Banks, Angels •Mobilizing Financial Resources II- Sophisticated Angels, Venture Capital, IPO’s •Mobilizing Resources other than Financial (eg HR, innovative organizational designs) •Acquisitions and Harvest Course Description The course concentrates on the development of a new enterprise and the management of an existing small business Cases and materials developed especially for the course and projects on managing their own business enable students to assess the opportunities, risks, and capabilities necessary for entrepreneurial success The course emphasizes managerial and strategic problems during the early years of business formation and growth It also emphasizes the interface between theory and practice IntroductionThe personal and financial rewards of founding or managing a successful small business have always been obvious However, the study of small business is also important at a number of other levels For example, recently much attention has been directed to the vital role of small firms in economic development and diversification Research in a variety of industrialized countries has further established that small firms have re-emerged as significant creators of new jobs In an era where the terms "downsizing, re-structuring and outsourcing" have become the norm, small business is playing a new and vital role This course is designed for individuals who are interested in exploring entrepreneurship and small business management as a career option While the content is aimed at those who are interested in founding or managing an enterprise, this course will also be useful for those who will work with the small business sector in roles such as accountant, lawyer, banker, consultant, economic development officer, etc Additionally, as many large firms are attempting to nurture the "entrepreneurial spirit" within their ranks, the course content has many applications to large organizations; for example, many publicly traded firms as well as large privately held firms (including family firms) have identified entrepreneurial renewal as their biggest challenge Course ObjectivesUsing theory, cases, and examples drawn from the instructor's research, this course aims to introduce students to the process of entrepreneurship and small business management Specific objectives include to: 1 assist individuals in ascertaining their own entrepreneurship potential; 2 develop an understanding of the small business environment in Canada, with particular emphasis on Alberta-based firms; 3 provide a framework for identifying and evaluating small business opportunities; 4 provide a framework for assessing new ventures; 5 provide an understanding of the fundamental elements of strategic planning, with particular emphasis on the business plan; 6 develop an understanding and appreciation of the challenges inherent in the various growth stages of a firm; 7 enhance students’ communication skills in written work, collegial group activity, class discussion and presentations ORG A 631 New Venture Creation and OrganizationPage 2
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Assessment Students will be assessed based upon their performance in class and in carrying out the following assignments (Each assignment is discussed in more detail later) Weight1 Participation (in class, readings, resume, journal) 10% 2 Idea Generation / Elevator Pitch 10% 3 Profile of an Entrepreneurial Firm 20% 4 Business Plan Assessments 20% 5 Business Plan 40%TOTAL 100% Assignments 1 Journal (optional) I would like you to maintain a personal journal for the duration of this class You may make as many entries as you wish (some people do so on a near-daily basis) however I expect a minimum of two entries per week (approximately 24 entries, 8-10 pages) Generally these journal entries should be a record of your thoughts, experiences, and feelings within the context of this class Examples of common themes you may wish to explore include: reflections on entrepreneurship as a career, potential business ideas, course topics, etc All entries must be dated You are encouraged to use a computer however handwritten submissions on loose-leaf will be accepted (for this assignment only) provided they are neatly written and collated 2 Idea Generation/Elevator PitchThe entrepreneur is able to see and act upon ideas and opportunities to which others are seemingly blind Course members should be continually looking for new venture ideas This assignment is intended to provide an opportunity for you to generate an idea that has the potential to be successful within the context of your experience and environment Each student is required to produce an idea for a new venture A succinct one page summary is required for the idea/opportunity You may wish to further explore this idea in your business plan (ONE PAGE ONLY! No title page Name at top right corner) Each student will present their idea in an in-class “elevator pitch” format Presentation must be LESS THAN 2 MINUTES ORG A 631 New Venture Creation and OrganizationPage 3
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3 Profile of an Entrepreneurial Firm(See separate assignment description – available on BlackBoard) Before beginning this assignment it is imperative that you participate in the September 7 class, at which time the ethical issues related to interviewing external sources will be examined Before conducting any interview, you must sign a student agreement, which indicates your compliance with university policies, and you must obtain a signed consent form from your interview subject 4 Business PlanA major requirement of this course is the preparation of a "dehydrated" business plan (approx 15 pages not including appendices) Two business plan templates are available on Blackboard These are only samples and suggestions wwwventureprizecom has links to several business plan samples and templates on their resource page You are encouraged to do this assignment individually however I will allow teams of two providing there is a compelling reason to do so Although students are encouraged to develop their own ideas, it is not unusual for class members to develop plans for others This will be discussed further in class Multiple copies of the plan will need to be provided when it is submitted The exact number will be discussed in class 5 Business Plan AssessmentsAssessing ventures is also a critical component of the course Examples wherein this skill is useful include: 1) enhancing ability to evaluate opportunities, 2) developing personal business plans, 3) acting in consultative roles, 4) making investment decisions After the in-class presentations each student will be required to complete two business plan critique/assessments wherein they identify the major strengths/weaknesses/key success factors associated with the proposed venture Maximum length is 2 pages for each assessment The two assessments should be separate documents (do not staple together) with your name appearing on each The authors of the business plan will receive copies of the assessments Note: This should not be construed as an intimidating assignment Most entrepreneurs constantly seek feedback regarding their ventures No business plan or venture is perfect We can all benefit from constructive feedback ORG A 631 New Venture Creation and OrganizationPage 4
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ORG A 631 Class Readings and PreparationThis list of dates is provided with the intent of helping you track readings, assignments, and speakers It does not represent a complete list of topics and is subject to modification as the course evolves DateTopic Reading Assignments Sept7 I Introduction Overview/Review Course Outline Re-Emergence of small enterprise The Entrepreneurial Process & Ideas Introduce: “Firm Profile” Assignment Ethical issues related to Firm Profile Assignment The Verger Generic Opportunities Video Case: "Lip Sync" The Verger (read in class) Sept14 II Opportunity, Ideas and Founders Review of Core Concepts from Strategic Mgmt Liabilities of Newness Where do new businesses come from Hayseeds in Cyberspace Rich at Warp Speed Discuss Firm Profile Assignment Guest Speaker: Jim Gibbon of Amber’s Brewing (Crafting a Plan & Early Stage Venture Creation) Visit a bookstore, buy a magazine (or book) relevant to course READ IT SHARE IT TRADE IT Visit VenturePrize website & Student Business Plan Competition website 1stgroup reading list due Sept21 SEMINAR: The re-emergence of small enterprise and role of innovation and entrepreneurship in economic development and societal wealth creation VenturePrize, TEC Edmonton, EDE Guest Speaker: David Hardy, CEO Club Fit (serial entrepreneur) 3-4 Readings as posted All other group reading lists due Sept28 No formal class Students are encouraged to participate in the 40thAnniversary celebration of the MBA program, 5:30-8 pm, at the Royal GlenoraOct5 SEMINAR: The entrepreneurial process SEMINAR: Opportunity recognition and screening 3-4 Readings as posted 3-4 Readings as posted Oct12 Poster Presentation – in class Guest Speaker: Ed Rudzitis (serial entrepreneur) Firm Profiles and Posters DueORG A 631 New Venture Creation and OrganizationPage 5
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Oct 19 III Creating Successful Business Plans Elevator Pitches / Idea Generation Summary/Discuss Ideas Elements of a Successful Business Plan Idea Generation Due Sample Templates of Business Plans Oct26 SEMINAR: Business planning (including elements of a business plan, “selling” the plan and screening) Business Plan Assessment and Due Diligence Strategic Mimicry and Evolution: WestJet: Share Offering/Business Plan; Flying High 3-4 Readings as postedHow to Write a Great Business Plan Nov2 IV Mobilizing Resources SEMINAR: Mobilizing Financial Resources I-- Family, Friends, Banks, Angels The Often Neglected Familial Sub-Narrative of Entrepreneurship & Family Advantage The New Venture Team 3-4 Readings as postedVariants of Agency Contracts Nov9 SEMINAR: Mobilizing Financial Resources II- Sophisticated Angels, Venture Capital, IPO’s Business Plans – Review Progress Entrepreneurship and the Evolution of Angel Financial Networks 3-4 Readings as posted Nov16 V Strategy, Organization and Growth SEMINAR: Mobilizing Resources other than Financial Collaboration, Networking and Social Capital Networking & Angel Investors Venture Capital & Deal Structuring Questions re: Business Plans Guest Speaker: Jolene Ali, Sweet Momma 3-4 Readings as postedPersonal and Extended Networks… Nov23 Business Plan Presentations – may continue beyond scheduled class time (to be decided in class) Copies of Bus Plan are due when you give presentationNov30 SEMINAR: Acquisitions and Harvest 3-4 Readings as posted Bus Plan Assessments DueHard copies of business plans must be provided at the time they are presented The additional copies are needed for student assessment purposes ORG A 631 New Venture Creation and OrganizationPage 6
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Policy about course outlines can be found in Section 234(2) of the University Calendar (GFC 29 SEP 2003) The University of Alberta is committed to the highest standards of academic integrity and honesty Students are expected to be familiar with these standards regarding academic honesty and to uphold the policies of the University in this respect Students are particularly urged to familiarize themselves with the provisions of the Code of Student Behaviour (online at wwwualbertaca/secretariat/appealshtm) and avoid any behaviour which could potentially result in suspicions of cheating, plagiarism, misrepresentation of facts and/or participation in an offence Academic dishonesty is a serious offence and can result in suspension or expulsion from the University (GFC 29 SEP 2003) ORG A 631 New Venture Creation and OrganizationPage 7
为什么大学生会成为创业的主力军 文献
你好啊，你们学校讲你办一个创新创业大赛，利用文献检索知识论述，我们可以在哪些？
那你就可以去查找一些文献资料之类的了，然后去论述创新创业的重要性
主要你还是必须要先确立一个创新创业的类型和方向之后才能查找资料的
1、经济。毕业后工资水平与预想的差别太大，而现在的借贷渠道很多，大学生们会有比以前更多的钱来进行创业。
2、思想。现在大学生的接触信息的渠道众多，对于社会各界及商业的了解也更多，而且经常会看到各种90后。00后成功的案例，偶像的启示作用也很大。
3、能力。大学生刚毕业时，对于自己的能力有种盲目自信，对于创业和社会思想的比较简单，这也是一些大学生创业的主要原因。
反例：成年人创业少的原因。
1、生活稳定，懒得变化。
2、了解创业艰难。
