1表示地点位置的介词
1)at ,in, on, to，for
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”
in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。
on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。
to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……”
2)above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。
on表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying above my head
There is a bridge over the river
He put his watch on the desk
3)below, under 在……下面
under表示在…正下方
below表示在……下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table
Please write your name below the line
4)in front [frant]of, in the front of在……前面
in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在……的后面）。
There are some flowers in front of the house(房子前面有些花卉。)
in the front of 意思是“在…的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）。
There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom
我们的教室前边有一块黑板。
Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom
我们的老师站在教室前(老师在教室里)
5）beside，behind
beside 表示在……旁边
behind 表示在……后面
2表示时间的介词
1)in , on，at 在……时
in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。
如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。
on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。
如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。
at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。
如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day
2)in, after 在……之后
“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后；
“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后；
“after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
3)from, since 自从……
from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久
英语语法的用法
1、名词：noun n表示人或事物的名称。举例： milk 牛奶。
2、代词：pronoun pron 代替名词、数词、形容词等，来进行句式简化。举例：it 它。
3、形容词：adjective adj 用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征 。举例：happy 高兴的。
4、副词： adverb adv表示数目或顺序 。举例： quickly 迅速地。
5、动词：verb v 表示动作或状态。举例 ：cut 砍、割。
6、数词：numeral num 修饰动、形、副等词，表示动作特征 。举例 ：three 三。
7、冠词：article art 用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的范围。举例： a 一个。
8、介词：preposition prep 用在名词或代词前，说明它与别的词的关系 。举例：at 在
9、连词：conjunction conj 表示人或事物的名称。举例：and 和。
10、感叹词：interjection interj 代替名词、数词、形容词等。举例：oh 哦。
扩展资料
1、名词可作主语、宾语，有时也可作定语。
2、动词，可用作谓语，不定式to do等。
3、形容词可作定语修饰名词，也可单独使用，作表语。
4、副词可单独使用，也可以修饰动词和形容词。
5、代词可作主语，也可作宾语或者表语。
6、介词可与动词构成词组，也可以与名词构成介词短语，作表语、状语等。
7、数词作定语与名词共用，或者构成时间。
8、连词，顾名思义，连接两个句子，并能表示两个句子之间的关系。
9、冠词，加在名词前面，表示限定（the）和数量(a/an)。
10、感叹词用于表达一种惊奇，生气，喜悦等感情。
英语用法
英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。
基本用法：
一般现在时（SimplePresentTense）表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、主语具备的性格和能力等。
1、时间状语：Always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…），onceaweek(day,year,month…），onSundays（onMondays…）。
2、基本结构：主语+be/do+其他；（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）。
否定形式：主语+am/is/are+not+其他（此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词）。
一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
英语词性的分类及用法
111 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun
Shanghai lies in the east of China
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup
I am doing my homework now
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
112 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome
3）句型：
It is time for sb to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
It is time sb did sth "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb did sth 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life
(含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else
I wondered if you could help me
2）情态动词 could, would
Could you lend me your bike
113 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful
Scarf used to take a walk (过去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet
Scarf is used to taking a walk(现在习惯于散步)
典型例题
---- Your phone number again I ___ quite catch it
---- It's 69568442
A didn't B couldn't C don't D can't
答案A 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
114 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first
Will you be at home at seven this evening
2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow
b 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm
3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
115 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to 表将来
will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror
116 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon (客观安排)
117 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning
When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus = The bus is coming
There goes the bell = The bell is ringing
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon (主观安排)
118 用现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow
Are you staying here till next week
119 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
1110 比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film
（强调对现在的影响，**的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now
---Will somebody go and get Dr White
---He's already been sent for
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night
1111 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time… that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city
It was the third time that the boy had been late
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen
这是我看过的最好的**。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all
---No, this is the first time I ___ here
A was B have been C came D am coming
答案B This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before
---No, it's the first time I ___ here
A even, come B even, have come C ever, come D ever, have come
答案D ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month
1112 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years
I have lived here since I was born
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years
(我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years
(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now
2) (错) Harry has got married for six years
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago 或 Harry has been married for six years
1113 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989
2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student
1114 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock
他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock
他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1 You don't need to describe her I ___ her several times
A had met B have met C met D meet
答案B 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2---I'm sorry to keep you waiting
---Oh, not at all I ___ here only a few minutes
A have been B had been C was D will be
答案A 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时
1115 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris
b 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away
c 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office
A had written, left B，were writing, has left C had written, had left D were writing, had left
答案D "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it
1116 用一般过去时代替完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited
3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492
1117 将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth
2) 概念
a 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow
1118 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you
b 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr Green is writing another novel
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr Smith
c 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red
It's getting warmer and warmer
d 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it
A has lost, don't find B is missing, don't find C has lost, haven't found D is missing, haven't found
答案D 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
1120 过去进行时
1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself
It was raining when they left the station
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger
A made B is making C was making D makes
答案C 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep
read； was falling B was reading； fell C was reading； was falling D read；fell
答案B句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
1121 将来进行时
1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her
2）常用的时间状语
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach
1124 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met
英语单词用法
英语词性的分类及用法如下：
英语词性的分类及用法有十类：名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
形容词用来描述一类物质的性质，状态，外貌，或人的性格特点，性质品格。副词用来修饰动作或形容词一般在句子中做状语用。表示动作的进行怎样或表示程度特点。介词连接地点，时间的一类词语，可以表示方位，时间，跟一些表示时间，地点的词连用表示介词。
连词用来连接时间，地点原因和结果的一类词语数词表示数字的词，既可以是基数词，也可以是序数词。感叹词表示感叹的一类词，一般不加一解释，只代表感叹。没有特别的规则,只有一些规律,而且也不是绝对的,你积累多了自然就可以判断了。
英语词性的分类及用法
派生词它可以部分到达改变词性，但是不是同一概念，不是所有词都可以变的，你知道了这些规则其实只是让你在背单词的时候更容易区别词性。因为它既不绝对，又不完全，跨词性的随意变化几乎是不可能的。所以你有一定词汇量后，再看才可能会有较大帮助。
了解单词的词性非常重要。因为什么词性的词在句子里做什么成分是一定的（在正式的英语里）。所以必须要知道一个词的词性。例如：名词用来做主语，宾语，表语。形容词作定语，表语，补语。
时间介系词at,
on,
in（在）：
at表示时间的某一点;on表示某日或和某日连用的某一时间段;in用于表示除日以外的某一时间段。
一
（1）
at表示一天中的某时刻,不用冠词,如:
at
six
o'clock（在六点钟）,
at
dawn（在黎明）,
at
sunrise（日出时）,
at
noon（在正午）。
I
arrived
at
school
at
seven
我到学校时是七点。
（2）
at表示一瞬间或短暂的时间,如:
at
that
moment（在那一瞬间）,
at
present（目前）,at
that
time（那时）。
Your
memory
is
always
poor
at
this
time
你的记忆力到这时候总是不好。
（3）
at表示节日或年龄,如:
at
Christmas（在圣诞节,指整个节日）,
at
the
age
of
ten（在十岁时）。
How
could
you
be
so
forgetful
at
the
age
of
ten
你才十岁怎么就这么健忘？
二
on表示某日或和某日连用的某一时间段,如:
on
Monday（在星期一）,
on
Friday
afternoon（在星期五下午）,
on
the
morning
of
August
the
eighth（在八月八日早晨）,
on
Christmas
Day（在圣诞节,指在当天）。
You
were
late
on
Monday
last
week
你上星期一就晚了。
You
mean
I
was
late
on
May
the
fifteenth
你是说我五月十五日晚了？
三
in表示年、月、季节、世纪、时代,与定冠词连用表示一天中某个时间段,如:
in
1996（在1996年）,
in
May（在五月）,
in
spring（在春季）,
in
the
20th
century（在二十世纪）,
in
the
eighties（在八十年代）,
in
modern
times（在现代）,
in
the
night（在晚上）。
Sorry,
I
am
late,
the
first
time
in
May
对不起，我晚了，五月份第一次晚。
I
got
up
at
six
in
the
morning
我早上六点钟起床。
