就在最近，我的车刷了ECU，还是二等。
OBD直接刷
首先，什么是“刷ECU”？
刷ECU就是ECU标定，可以修改进气、喷油、点火等。，并调整空燃料比、点火提前角等。通过驱动计算机程序。方法有两种:通过车辆OBD接口刷机和打开ECU电脑板。通常主要目的是提高动力。
开放式毛笔书写
那么问题来了，原厂为什么不考虑这些呢？
原工程师要考虑到不同地区的路况、气候、油品，以及不同人的驾驶习惯和用车需求，同时得出一个好看的油耗和排放。最后，保守的程序将会受到损害。
所以对于很多玩改装的人来说，他们所有的改装都是围绕刷ECU来进行的；对于吃瓜的普通人来说，刷ECU对提升驾驶体验也有积极意义。
心理准备
好听吗？但是现在我要开始给它泼冷水了。很多人一开始就被冲昏了头脑，盲目刷ECU，最后后悔莫及。原因是他们没有做好心理准备:
最起码你要知道刷ECU是有风险的，有了新车就保不住了。
网上刷ECU问题太多了，拉缸，爆缸，涡轮报废但现在这个时代，还没开4S店的新车还是会出现机油泄漏的情况，所以有些问题是不是刷ECU导致的，真的不好说。这是一个看脸的世界。即使什么都不做，风险还是在这里。就算什么都做了，也只是为了把风险降到最低。刷牙后回家洗脸。
还有保修的问题。新车在质保期内出了问题，可以找4S店，但是一旦刷了ECU，4S店就可以找各种理由拒绝保修。尤其是发动机出问题的时候，店里的电脑都能读到ECU被篡改了，坐在引擎盖上哭也没用。
其次，刷ECU对后续保值率也有影响。
很多人对刷过ECU或者改装过的车比较抵触，总怕这些车不稳定，不耐用，年检不合格。比如两辆车龄相同，公里数相同的二手车放在我们面前，一辆是普通车，一辆是改装车。无论改装车花多少钱，普通车总能卖个好价钱。
这也是为什么很多ECU刷过或者改装过的车，在卖出去之前，会被车主退回原厂。
最后，刷完ECU之后，后续保养的费用会更多。
说到之前刷ECU后的车的稳定性和耐用性，还不如原厂的。确实有影响。如果没有问题，原厂可以开20年，刷完可以开15年。刷ECU没那么可怕。只要保养得当，提前换机油和火花塞，时不时加一些添加剂(加油站不卖)。汽油也可以升级到更高的等级都是白花花的钱。
个人认为刷完ECU后的车成本至少会比原厂多三分之一，因为我认为车况的保养一定是“三分修七分养”，但也有人认为是不必要的过度保养。
硬件准备
如果你心理上能接受，记住硬件是为程序服务的。除非你把重点放在操控、外观、姿态上，否则更好的硬件通常都是为了配合更快的程序而改装的(不是减震器、刹车不重要，改装是系统性的，但你通常会选择从动力入手)。所以各大程序室通常把ECU分为“一阶”、“二阶”、“三阶”，对应不同级别的硬件。比如原厂刷个二阶或者三阶的，简直难受。你愿意刷，别人的改装店不愿意刷:
第一，在原厂基础上提高动力。理论上第一阶段是在原硬件的承受范围内。说白了，买了车就可以直接进入第一阶段。刷完之后，你可能会觉得动力有了质的变化。
第一步最不麻烦，改善最明显，所以很多人就算刷了也只刷第一步。
第二，相对激进的权力提升。这时候原厂的进排气都不hold了。至少应该更换大流量进气样式和直通或大流量头段，都是为了排气温度和压力的稳定。
相对来说，二阶提升没有一阶那么夸张，我身边的性能车车主一般都到了二阶提升的末期。因为当一辆车的性能达到一个更高的层次，每一次升级，付出的金钱和精力都会成倍增长。就像一辆原车7秒破百。6秒破100需要1万，但如果你想让它5秒破100，打电话给银行要10万。
第三，突破原厂极限。原来的硬件接受不了三阶动力，是时候开始切发动机的核心部件了。第一步是更换一个更大的涡轮机。这里不多说了。大部分人根本不需要三阶。需要三阶的人，一定要有自己的理解。
三阶几乎是民用车的终点，但远不是改装的终点。
准备好了就刷。
(以下行为有风险)
大家都是成年人了。既然决定要刷，就不要怕东西。首单对于绝大多数人来说已经足够了，所以以下只适用于原厂刷首单:
首先，充分了解你的发动机和变速箱。
首先，不要折腾100秒外坏的原车，不要做无谓的挣扎。其次，涡轮增压发动机比自然吸气发动机更适合刷机。有的涡轮刷完能提高30%以上，自吸一般是5%到15%。可怜的东西。
同时，原厂程序虽然很保守，但是和一些车厂相比还是有很大空的余地，但是有些已经被挤的差不多了。所以你至少应该大致知道你的车还有多少潜力可以浪费，比如发动机和变速箱可以承受多少额外的马力和扭矩。对于公认容易出事故的车还是谨慎一点好，但是对于以耐用和成熟玩法大气著称的奥迪S3来说，刷机的心理负担会小很多。
最重要的是，不要贸然相信“10万以下买个低功率的型号，再花1万刷一下就变成大功率了”这种说法。一些低功率版本的发动机的硬件与高功率版本的不同。可以刷，但是不要打开。
第二，选择一个靠谱的程序员。
你听说过刷ECU比原厂还慢吗？我见过。刷ECU在国外是一个很成熟的行业，但在国内才刚刚起步，有些招数已经让你瘸了。在选择程序的时候，可以上网查一下，或者找玩修改的人问问。每个车型都有自己的圈子，圈子里也会有自己认可的程序员。总之不要选口碑不好的，同型号没几把刷子的。尽量选择那些提供刷后保修的(虽然这些保修大多不如原厂可靠)，尽量降低风险。
这个时候，你也可能接触到“外挂”和“专调”。
插件和刷ECU不一样。它的外观就像一个即插即用的小盒子。通过修改发动机传感器的数据，欺骗ECU调整原始参数来提高功率。插电最大的好处就是你拔掉后，可以当作什么都没有发生过，一般不影响保修。
特殊曲调听起来更高级。刷机前要先读取车辆数据，发送给远端(多为国外)的工程师根据已有数据进行一对一优化，最后发回ECU导入。接下来，就是反复的测量和调整。如果条件允许，可以上马力机。如果条件允许，可以在街上跑，直到满意为止。同时也可以提一些小要求，比如想听到回火的“爆裂声”，可以在偏时点火。就像定制一套西装一样。在店里买不到合适的码怎么办？是根据一个人的体型量身定做的。但问题是你看不到是谁坐在电脑前给你特别调。到底靠谱不靠谱，能调一下xjb吗？
而最常见的刷ECU叫“罐头”。顾名思义，都是程序员针对不同型号、不同硬件提前做好的程序。只要车对应，就直接给你。罐装、外挂、特调，它们共同的目的是增强动力。没有谁比谁强。有优秀的插件，以及特殊的调整。但外挂通常便宜，推广小；特价调整，大促销；罐装是最方便的。
玩改装的朋友说刷ECU就像纹身。有人认为经历后会变得更加完美，有人则过分妖魔化。做了决定，就不会犹豫。后悔了就回原厂。但这就像洗纹身一样，总会留下一些东西。
但我觉得更像是个人和汽车厂商之间的赌注。厂家给你保修，赌的是你买新车不会有任何问题，而你刷ECU，赌的是你卖车之前不会有任何问题。而夹在中间的程序员，就像网上交易的性感经销商，让你忍不住去赌一把。但是，我们可以通过各种方法，尽量让自己手中的筹码多一些，多赢一些。
原厂成绩，522秒，低于官方成绩。
第二次刷完，450马力左右，436秒破百。
过几天我会更新一下我的心路历程，从触点修改，到ECU选择，然后直奔二阶。这是一个从冲突到真香的过程，有付出也有回报。附上刷牙前后的两张图预热一下。能猜出是什么车(SUV)吗？
部分来自网络。
百万购车补贴
汽车5000转或6600差别是什么意思
发动机是汽车的心脏，没有人会质疑这一点。但一辆表面光鲜的车装上一台老掉牙的机器就好比一个30岁的人长了一颗60岁的心脏，好使才怪呢？！
我不是“愤青”，也不想给任何厂商做枪手，只是想从技术的角度讲一些常识性的问题，让大家不再被花言巧语所迷惑。
相信很多厂家的技术人员都有这样的困惑：明明是不可能完成的任务，但慑于老板的*威，硬着头皮也得干，糊弄着做出来之后还不敢到处乱讲，遇上明白人问只能胡说八道。04年东风日产在三亚搞天籁的试驾会，挺好的一个车，非要把CVT变速器换成古董级的普通4速自动，我问日方的技术人员这件事，他当时有点喝高了，竟然说：“我们做过试验，这台变速器很多方面的表现都比CVT还好，我们都有点后悔在本土车上用CVT了……”我靠！这不是有病吗？
偷工减料和偷梁换柱
言归正传，关于发动机今天我主要想讲2件事：一是偷梁换柱，再就是偷工减料。
偷梁换柱的例子太多了。最经典的就是雨燕和威姿。
雨燕应该用什么发动机？当然是M13啊！G13是什么东东？是铃木20年前开发的一款老古董，羚羊用的就是G13！再透露一个消息，现在长安铃木的13升发动机连G13都算不上，充其量是个G13的国产化复制品，它的学名叫JL474Q什么的，后面一串字母记不清了，长安的小面也用这机器。
威姿、威乐、威驰应该用什么机器？应该是SZ系列的啊，包括10的1SZ，13的2SZ和15的3SZ。A系列？丰田早在20年前就淘汰一个字母的汽油发动机系列了，A系列的同龄人有Y、M、F、R等等。Y系列包括3Y、4Y，老海狮用过；M系列有4M、5M，当年的鲇鱼头皇冠和28黑超用的；F，不用说了，老4500巡洋舰的心；R呢？3代以前的圆头考斯特……总之，工业考古学家肯定对5A、8A感兴趣。不过还好，威驰已经改邪归正了，不过这改动好象晚了点，它在一汽丰田只有1年的阳寿了，明年它将换上天津一汽的标。
蓝瑟，又一个反面教材。原本以为三菱注资东南之后会拿出一款象样的车，不敢奢望装备红头4G63的EVO IX，至少也该是装4G9系列发动机的新Lancer吧！海外市场的Lancer基本用的都是16的4G92、18的4G93和20的4G94，当然，还有更猛的20升红头版4G63和24升4G69……结果又让我们失望了，还是4G18！而且缩水的不仅仅是发动机！对另外两个合作伙伴，三菱也玩同样的把戏：欧蓝德也是把4G69换成了古老而廉价的4G64，虽然后来又换回来了；猎豹的飞腾直到今天也没用上GDI——那可是三菱看家的宝贝！
阴差阳错的阳光。当蓝鸟堕落为烂鸟之后，东风日产曾把希望寄托在阳光身上。的确，从外形看，阳光并不落伍，可坏事就坏在发动机上，放着好好的QG18不用，非要把烂鸟的SR20DE拣回来，虽说功率大些，但感觉实在太粗糙。是咱们拿不到QG18吗？不对啊，这机器怎么装到小红旗上了？说实在的，SR20DE配小红旗倒挺合适，还是把QG18还给阳光吧！可惜咱当不了任总的家，那边的张总也未必答应，还是别瞎操心了。
其实，偷梁换柱不是日本人的专利，不信往下看：
如果说上面说的这些车还只是发动机被掉了包，那么上海通用的好多车就更说不清了。比如君威，美国版的Regal发动机从31起步，往上是38的，20欧宝机器的手动档君威，美国人可能连想都不敢想！君越就更离谱了，连车身都是重新设计的，24升是欧宝机器、30升是原来的V6发动机加了个断缸功能。
说起身世，赛欧、乐骋、乐风、凯越、景程……一个比一个乱，正所谓乱中取胜，原本该用什么机器谁都不知道，于是随便装个澳大利亚或韩国的发动机，再加上出色的市场运作能力，的确忽悠了不少人。
菲亚特的车装西亚特的机器，到底是怎么回事？
虽然中文就差一个字，实际却差了十万八千里。南京菲亚特是靠英格尔（西亚特Ibiza）起家的，于是早年的15升发动机也成了传家宝，先是化油器改电喷，后来又送回欧洲重新设计了进排气系统，最后干脆找AVL玩了个扩缸——15变17。您可看清楚了，此17非彼17，菲亚特在欧洲市场用的可是货真价实的17升FIRE发动机，PUNTO、STILO都用这款机器。
上面这些偷梁换柱的手法太拙劣了，稍微了解国外车型的人一眼就能看出来。因此，大家还是应该向奥迪同志学习，用更高层次的手法。
FSI是大众-奥迪的独门绝技，它实际包括两方面的技术：缸内直喷和分层稀薄燃烧。国产的新A4、A6只保留了缸内直喷，而最核心的分层稀薄燃烧则在不知不觉中蒸发了。新A6缩水的地方还不只是发动机。欧版车的电子手刹有一个机械的应急释放装置，国产车上也不见了。
化神奇为腐朽与化腐朽为神奇
下面我想说说一个大家经常忽略的问题——标定
何谓标定？它的英文表述是Calibration，有校准的意思。一台发动机不可能只为一种车型配套，而不同的车型对性能的要求是有差异的：跑车要求高速大功率、SUV要求低速大扭矩，普通轿车要求性能均衡……
标定主要标那些内容呢？喷油量、点火时刻、电子节气门开度、怠速控制阀占空比、废气循环量、增压器放气阀开启时机……等等。标定要说简单也简单，只要保证基本的动力性、经济性、排放性能就行；要说复杂那可就深了：首先是极端高温和极端低温，从零下40度到零上50度，既要保证冷启动性能，还要保证热车不开锅，启动不能有气阻；海拔要从负100多米一直标到5000多米（相当于唐古拉山口）；而车子在行驶过程中遇到的各种问题都要考虑到：比如空调压缩机突然启动或停止、发动机负荷突变，变速器跳档，还有司机踩油门的力度，油品的适应性也是个不能忽略的问题。
说白了，车子换一台新发动机，标定至少需要18个月，即使是国外的成熟产品，拿到国内也要做至少1年的适应性标定，包括台架实验和路试。
像桑塔纳、夏利这样的老车不换发动机能过欧III吗？其实是不能！可它们不都过了吗？这里面就有学问了。如果要求车子在保证其他性能不劣化的前提下排放达标，几乎是不可能的，但如果只要求它在几个特定工况下排放达标，其实也很简单。大不了加速肉一点、油耗高一点、响应差一点……可这么一来，这还叫车吗？
当年北京吉普给切诺基换装4G64发动机，光匹配和标定就花了8000万，这点钱若放在河北、浙江的一些小SUV厂商，足够他们整两个全新车型了。据我所知，好多装4G64的杂牌SUV根本就没做任何标定，把沈阳或柳州的机器配一个常用的ECU就出厂了，甚至连热平衡实验都没有，这些车上路不出毛病才怪呢！
标定的另一个作用是让数据表更好看。比如国产花冠的1ZZ标的是93kW，而日版的是100kW，这多出来的将近10马力其实就是标定的功劳。前些日子有消息说，由于美国调整了实验标准，导致日系车的发动机额定功率大面积缩水。
和油耗、排放法规一样，各国的发动机实验条件也不一样，有的要求实验机不挂任何附件（包括马达、发电机、空调压缩机、水泵、转向助力泵、空气压缩机等等）这样做出来的功率肯定高，而有些标准要求所有的附件都要挂上；更有甚者要求测底盘输出功率。如果不说明是用什么标准测的，笼统说个100kW，就和56L/100km油耗一样唬人。目前世界上主要的标准有DIN（德国）EEC（欧盟）JIS（日本）GB（中国）等很多。
为什么我特别看中原配的机器，因为它从研发伊始就是为这款车型量身定制的，所做的实验最充分，而为了中国市场准备的机器不可能像本土车那样做实验。
标定不充分，至少会带来下列问题：（假定车子没有其它的故障）
启动困难，马达运转2秒以上发动机才启动
油耗偏高，急加速时排气管可见轻微的烟
加速时“闯”，收油时“挫”
自动档换档时速度波动明显（不是变速器的问题，而是换档时发动机没有适当降低动力输出）在某一转速下发动机有明显的共振,怠速开空调时转速波动,油门响应滞后,起步时发动机抖动明显看不见的地方，只有凭良心了 同样的BOSCH火花塞，便宜的只有10几块钱，贵的要100多，又藏在里面，谁看得见？发动机附件和电器插接件在保修期内一般都没问题，但2年之后呢？还有ECU的版本，反正宝马在欧洲几乎每个月都更新，咱们这里呢？
还是认了吧！谁让我们生活在一个经济快速增长、市场竞争压力巨大的时代呢？你的良心没喂狗，用货真价实的好东西，架不住有人低价恶意竞争，也许他的产品有隐患，但等隐患暴露出来，它早已完成原始积累，金盆洗手，从良了，而那些实实在在的厂商可能还没等看到胜利的曙光就已经倒在了混战中。
Motor vehicles are the heart, no one can question that But a glossy surface of the car fitted with a old machine like a 30-year-old person has been a long 60-year-old heart, so strange if it !
I am not "愤青" to any of the manufacturers do not want to do the gunmen, but think from a technical point of view of some common-sense question, so that everyone no longer be fooled by sweet words
I believe a lot of manufacturers have the technical staff confused: They are impossible task, but impressed by the owner of the despotic power, had to have to do, make a fool out everywhere after dare乱讲, when sensible question can only be nonsense 2004 Nissan Teana engage in Sanya will be the test drive, a nice car, non-CVT transmission should be replaced by antique-class general 4-speed automatic, I ask the Japanese side of the technical staff to do it, he was a bit drunk high, has said: "We did test a lot of this transmission's performance better than the CVT, we have a little regret at the local car with a CVT " I rely on! This is not sick it
Jerrybuilt and tacit
Closer to home, on the engine today, I want to say two things: First, tacit, Then jerry-building
Examples of tacit too much The most classic is the Swifts and Vizi
Swifts What should be the engine M13 ah yes of course! What is G13 Dongdong Suzuki 20 years ago, are developed by a old, antelope is used in G13! Again revealed a message, and now 13 liters of Changan Suzuki engines are not even the G13, G13, at best, is a replica of the home-made, it's what the study called JL474Q, followed by a string of letters could no longer remember, Changan small plane also using this machine
Vizi, Ville, Vios What should be the machine Should be ah SZ series, including 10 1SZ, 13 and 15 of 2SZ the 3SZ A series Toyota as early as 20 years ago out of a letter of the gasoline engine series, A series of peers has Y, M, F, R and so on Y series includes 3Y, 4Y, old sea lions used; M series have 4M, 5M, the catfish was the first Black crown and 28 used; F, needless to say, the old 4500 cruiser heart; R do 3 behalf of the previous round Coste In short, industrial archaeologists certainly 5A, 8A interested Fortunately, however, VIOS has repented, but this change seems to晚了点it FAW Toyota阳寿only one year, and next year it will replace the subscript Tianjin FAW
Lancer, but also a negative example Mitsubishi had originally thought that after the injection of the South East will come up with a decent car, do not expect red-headed 4G63 of equipment EVO IX, at least the engines are mounted 4G9 Series new Lancer now! Lancer in overseas markets are basic 16 4G92, 18 and 20 of the 4G93 the 4G94, of course, there are 20 liters red更猛the front page of the 4G63 and the 24-liter 4G69 the result of letting us down, or 4G18! And has shrunk more than just the engine! On the other two partners, Mitsubishi is also playing the same trick: 4G69 Outlander is to replace the old and cheap 4G64, although later changed back; the Feiteng cheetah today is useless on GDI - that But Mitsubishi's housekeeping precious!
阴差阳错sunshine When the Blue Jays after the fall for the Black Bird, Dongfeng Nissan had found hope in the sun Indeed, from the appearance look the sun is not out of date can be a bad thing on the bad in the engine, the QG18 not properly placed, non-rotten birds to SR20DE拣回来, although big power, but the feeling is too rough QG18 we are unable to get it Wrong ah, how loaded the machine into a small red flag To tell the truth, SR20DE with small red倒挺appropriate, or to let the sun back to QG18! Unfortunately, when God can not be chief of the home, there may not be the total of Zhang promised, or worry about the别瞎
In fact, tacit rather than the Japanese patent, not look down:
If the above said, these cars are only the engine was lost packet, then a lot of Shanghai GM's vehicle is even more of a hard nut to crack For example, Regal, Regal American version of the engine from the 31 start up are 38, 20 Opel machine manual file Regal, Americans may not even want to unthinkable! LaCrosse is even more out of the way, even the body are re-designed 24-liter Opel are machines, are the original 30 liters of V6 engine features a cylinder off
Speaking of background, Sail, Aveo, Lova, Excelle, King a journey than a chaos, as the saying goes乱中取胜, what was originally the machines who do not know, so just installed个Australia or Korea engines , coupled with the excellent operation of the market capacity, indeed a lot of people忽悠
Seat Fiat car loaded machines, how in the end are going on
Although less of a Chinese character actually has worse thousands of miles away Nanjing Fiat by Ingles (Seat Ibiza) started, so the early years of the 15-liter engine also become family heirlooms, first carburetor to EFI, and then returned to Europe to redesign the intake and exhaust systems, Finally AVL simply looking for extended playing a cylinder - 15 Variable 17 You can see clearly that the 17非彼17, Fiat used in the European market but real 17 liters FIRE engine, PUNTO, STILO use this machine
Tacit above is all too clumsy, and little understanding of foreign models will be able to look up a person Therefore, everyone should learn from Comrade to Audi, with a higher level approach
FSI is Volkswagen - Audi's unique skills, it actually includes two aspects of technology: direct injection and lean burn stratified China's new A4, A6 and retain only the direct injection, and the crux of the stratified lean burn while unknowingly evaporated The new A6 has shrunk the place is not only the engine European version of the electronic handbrake car has a mechanical emergency release device, also made the car disappear
Of magic for the decadent and of dice
Now I would like to talk about a problem the US is often overlooked - Calibration
What is Calibration Its English statements are Calibration, calibration has meaning Units can not be only one engine for a model matching, and different models of performance requirements has differences are: the requirements of high-speed high-power sports car, SUV low speed high torque requirements, general requirements of the performance of balanced car
Calibration standard that the main content Fuel injection quantity, ignition time, the electronic throttle opening, idle control valve duty cycle, the volume of exhaust gas circulation, turbocharger waste gate open time and so on Calibration is also easy to say easy, as long as the guarantee that the basic driving force, economy, emissions performance on the line; say it may be deeply complex: the first is the extreme heat and extreme low temperature, from minus 40 degrees to zero at 50 degrees, it is necessary to ensure that cold-start performance, but also to ensure that vehicles do not开锅hot start should not have气阻; an elevation of more than 100 meters from the negative subscript has been to more than 5000 meters (equivalent to Tanggula I); and the car in motion the process of the various problems encountered by must take into account: for example, air-conditioning compressor suddenly start or stop, the engine load of mutation, transmission hop profile, there are drivers踩油门strength, the adaptability of oil is also a problem can not be ignored
To be blunt, the new car to replace the engine, calibration required at least 18 months, even abroad are sophisticated products, get home at least 1 year should also be adaptive calibration, including the bench test and road test
Like Santana, Xiali This old car is not for the European III engine can have it In fact should not! They do not have to have it There have knowledge of If the car does not guarantee that other performance degradation under the premise of the emission standards, it is virtually impossible, but if it only requires a few specific conditions in the emission standards, in fact, is also very simple Big deal to speed up the meat that higher fuel consumption in response to almost can be way, this is called car
Beijing Jeep Cherokee was to change 4G64 engine, light match and calibration spent 80 million, this amount of money if on Hebei, Zhejiang, some small SUV manufacturers, enough of their two new models of the whole As far as I know, a lot of non-brand SUV loaded 4G64 never to do any calibration, the Shenyang or Liuzhou machine with a commonly used on the factory ECU, and even thermal equilibrium experiments have not, these cars will be strange if the road does not go wrong!
Another role of calibration data sheet is to allow a better look For example, the subject of China-made Corolla 1ZZ are of 93kW, which are date version of the 100kW, which many out nearly 10 horsepower is actually a credit for calibration Recently the news has said that the United States because of the experimental adjust standards, resulting in the engine of Japanese cars rated power large area has shrunk
And fuel consumption, emissions regulations, the countries of the engine are not the same experimental conditions, some requirements are not linked to any of the experimental machine attachment (including motors, generators, air-conditioning compressor, water pump, power steering pump, air compressor and so on) to do so out of power certainly high, and some standards require that all of the attachment must be put up; more chassis measuring the output power requirements If you do not specify the criteria measured, the general said of 100kW, the same fuel consumption 56L/100km on and bluffing At present, the world's leading standards have DIN (Germany) EEC (EU) JIS (Japan) GB (China), and many other
In particular, I see why the original machine, from R & D at the beginning because it is tailored for the car, and doing experiments to the fullest, and prepare for the Chinese market is not like the machine to do the experiment as the local cars
Calibration is not sufficient, at least will bring the following issues: (assuming no other car failure)
Startup difficulties, motor running for more than two seconds before the engine start
High fuel consumption, exhaust pipe can be seen when急加速minor smoke
Speed up the time "into", to close oil "down"
Autopilot shift significantly when the velocity fluctuations (not the transmission problem, but when the shift is not appropriate to reduce engine power output) in a particular engine speed have obvious resonance, when the air conditioning idle speed fluctuations, throttle response lag, the start of jitter engine obviously invisible place, only the conscience BOSCH spark plugs of the same, cheap, only 10 a few dollars more, You should be more than 100, but also hiding inside, who can see Engine attachment and electrical connectors in general no warranty, but 2 years after that There ECU version, anyway BMW in Europe almost every month to update, let's here
Or acknowledge it! Who we are living in a rapid economic growth, market competitive pressure enormous age of this喂狗your conscience did not use real good things, it was cheap架不住malicious competition, may have hidden his product, but the hidden dangers such as exposed, it has long been the completion of primitive accumulation, Jinpen wash their hands, from the good, and who is really in such firms may not see the dawn of victory have been down in the melee Medium
通常是指汽车发动机转速。
发动机转速为发动机曲轴每分钟的回转数，用n表示，单位为r/min。
1基本介绍
发动机转速的高低，关系到单位时间内作功次数的多少或发动机有效功率的大小，即发动机的有效功率随转速的不同而改变。因此，在说明发动机有效功率的大小时，必须同时指明其相应的转速。在发动机产品标牌上规定的有效功率及其相应的转速分别称作标定功率和标定转速。发动机在标定功率和标定转速下的工作状况称作标定工况。标定功率不是发动机所能发出的最大功率，它是根据发动机用途而制定的有效功率最大使用限度。同一种型号的发动机，当其用途不同时，其标定功率值并不相同。有效转矩也随发动机工况而变化。因此，汽车发动机以其所能输出的最大转矩及其相应的转速作为评价发动机动力性的一个指标。
2转速测量
通常在在采用转速传感器，与飞轮上面的信号齿相对应，测量发动机的转速。
3转速大小
发动机在怠速时候转速一般可以达到700-1100r/min，正常运行时候可以达到3000-5000r/min。
