1、历史的英文：history。
2、history，英 [ˈhɪstri]，美 [ˈhɪstəri]，名词，意思是历史，历史学（指过去发生的所有事情） ；发展史；履历，经历；（某地的）沿革， （有关某个地方、主题等的）发展史，历史 ；复数为不规则形式：histories。
英语的发展历史
语发展史可以追溯到公元前500年左右。在大不列颠岛(Great Britain)上史料记载的最早的语言是公元前500年左右的凯尔特语(Celtic)。公元前55年，罗马人入侵大不列颠，并一直占领了大约500多年，拉丁语进入了该地区，并成为官方语言，凯尔特语的地位下降。约公元449年，居住于丹麦与德国北部的3个日耳曼人部族趁罗马帝国衰落入侵到大不列颠岛上。他们分别是盎格鲁人（Angles，入侵日德兰半岛中部）、萨克逊人（Saxons，入侵日德兰半岛南部）和朱特人（Jutes，入侵日德兰半岛北部）。在语言上，他们取代了当时该地所使用的凯尔特语。这三个日耳曼部族方言随着社会发展，逐渐融合为一种新的语言，即盎格鲁一萨克逊语（Anglo-Saxon），这就是后来形成的英语的基础。到公元700年，人们把大不列颠岛上三部族混合形成的语言称为Englisc。到公元1000年，岛上整个国家被称作Englaland。这两个词后来就演变成English（英语）和England（英格兰或英国）这就是English和England两个词的历史由来。
8世纪末，丹麦人大批入侵英国，在其东北部建立丹麦区，持续了近300年，当时所带来的斯堪的那维亚语对英语的发展有很大影响。公元1066年，法国的诺曼蒂公爵侵人英国，并加冕为英国国王，建立了诺曼蒂王朝，一直延续到1154年。在诺曼蒂王朝统治期间，英国实际上存在着三种语言，法语是官方语言；拉丁语是宗教语言，用于阅读圣经、教堂宗教活动；英语则是下层社会劳动者用的世俗语言。法语在英国的特殊地位一直延续到14世纪，法院、学校、宫廷分别于1362年、1385年、1399年才停止使用法语。1382年用英语书写的圣经出现，才结束了拉丁语的宗教语言地位。这时英语才成为英国的全民语言。因此英语中保留着大量的法语词汇（如age，air，brush，cry，bourgeoisie）和拉丁语词汇（angel，candle，moke，pope）。
在“文艺复兴”时期（14世纪-16世纪），由于人们对古希腊、古罗马文化表现出浓厚的研究兴趣，英语又吸收了大量古代社会及当时欧洲大陆文化精华，词汇大增。例如来自希腊语的geometry，astronomy，botany；法语的comrade，alloy，surpass；西班牙语的banana，cocoa，mosquito；意大利语的violin，piazza。
18世纪后，英国的工业革命兴起，对殖民地的争夺使英语随着帝国的发展走向世界。因此，在与各地交往中吸收大量新词汇。如来自非洲的zebra，chim-pazee；来自印度的cashmere，shampoo；来自汉语的tea，litchi；来自澳大利亚的kangaroo，boomerang；来自西印度群岛的cannibal，canoe。由于英国殖民地的发展与向海外的大量移民，英语亦从其本土向国外传播（例如BBC英语广播电台）。
目前在英国以外，把英语作为第一语言（即母语，Native language)的国家有爱尔兰(Ireland)、美国(America)、澳大利亚(Australia)、新西兰(New Zealand)、圭亚那(Guyana)、巴哈马(The Bahamas)、巴巴多斯(Barbados)、百慕大(Bermuda)、牙买加(Jamaica)、圣克里斯多福及尼维斯(Saint Christopher and Nevis)、特立尼达和多巴哥(Trinidad and Tobago)，在加拿大(Canada)大部分人说英语；把英语作
Unit 1
原文：English is known as a world language, regularly used by many nations whose English is not their first language Like other languages, English has changed greatly The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English The English language started with the invasion of Britain by three Germanic tribes during the 5th century AD, and they contributed greatly to the formation of the English language During the medieval and early modern periods, the influence of English spread throughout the British Isles, and from the early 17th century its influence began to be felt throughout the world The processes of European exploration and colonization for several centuries led to significant change in English Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the popularity of American cinema, television, music, trade and technology, including the Internet
翻译：人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言，经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。与其他语言一样，英语也发生了很大的变化。英语的历史可以分为三个主要阶段：古英语，中古英语和现代英语。英语起源于公元5世纪，当时三个日耳曼部落入侵英国，他们对英语语言的形成起了很大的作用。在中世纪和现代社会初期，英语的影响遍及不列颠群岛。从17世纪初，它的影响力开始在世界各地显现。欧洲几百年的探险和殖民过程导致了英语的重大变化。今天，由于美国**、电视、音乐、贸易和技术、包括互联网的大受欢迎，美国英语的影响力尤其显著。
原文：中国书法（calligraphy）是一门独特的艺术，是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。中国书法艺术的形成、发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有"字如其人"的说法。中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。
翻译：Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that "seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person" As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world's treasure house of culture and art
Unit 2
原文：A MOOC (massive open online course) is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web MOOCs are a recent development in distance education and have now become a surging trend in higher education These classes are aimed at expanding a university's reach from thousands of tuition-paying students who live in town, to millions of students around the world In addition to traditional course materials, MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support interactions between students and professors MOOCs can encourage communication among participants who bring a variety of viewpoints, knowledge, and skills to the course; inspire people to "try on" subjects that they wouldn't otherwise pursue or even try on education itself; provide multiple ways to engage with course material, encouraging multimodal (多模式的) learning that can address the needs of learners with a variety of learning styles; and inspire better teaching and use of technologies for face-to-face courses
翻译：慕课是一种网络课程，它旨在通过网络实现广泛参与和开放接入。慕课是远程教育迈出的最新一步，现已在高等教育领域迅速引领潮流。通过这些课程，大学可以扩大影响的范围，从影响成千上万住在城里付学费的学生，扩展到惠及全球上百万的学生。除了拥有传统的课程资料，慕课还给使用者提供互动论坛，支持学生和讲师之间的交流。慕课能够促进参与者之间的交流，使得多种观点、知识和技能涌现到课堂上来；它鼓励人们尝试之前不可能尝试的课程，甚至是尝试新的教育方式；它提供多种学习课程资料的方式，鼓励多模式学习，以各种学习风格满足学习者的需求；另外，慕课促进教学的改善，使技术在面对面授课中得以更好地应用。
原文：近年来，随着互联网技术的发展，我国的数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大的成就。很多高校建立了自己的数字化学习平台，数字化教学在教育中发挥着越来越大的作用。和传统教学方式相比，数字化教学方式有很大的优势。一方面，数字化教学使教学资源得以全球共享；另一方面，它拓展了学习者的学习时间和空间，人们可以随时随地通过互联网进入数字化的虚拟学校学习。这使得人类从接受一次性教育走向终身学习成为可能。
翻译：In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, the construction of digital education resources of our country has made great achievements Many universities have set up their own digital learning platforms, and digital teaching is playing an increasingly important role in education Compared with the traditional way of teaching, the digital way has a lot of advantages On one hand, digital teaching makes global sharing of teaching resources possible; on the other hand, it expands the learner's study time and space to learn, allowing people to get access to the digital virtual schools through the Internet anytime and anywhere These advantages make it possible for people to shift from one-time learning to lifelong learning
Unit 3
原文：As an important part of the American culture value system, "individualism" is admired by most American people Americans view the family as a group whose primary purpose is to advance the happiness of individual members In contrast to many other cultures, the primary responsibility of the American family member is not to advance the family as a group, either socially or economically What would be best for the family is not usually considered to be as important as what would be best for the individual With freedom comes the responsibility to care for oneself, for it is the freedom of choice that carries with it the responsibility: to accept the consequences of the choices Many Americans give their children a lot of freedom because they want them to be independent and self-reliant Along with the American emphasis on individual freedom, the belief in equality between parents and children also has had a strong effect on the family
翻译：作为美国文化价值体系的一个重要组成部分，"个人主义"受到大多数美国人的推崇。美国人认为家庭作为一个群体，其主要目的是促进家庭各成员的幸福。与许多其他文化相比，美国家庭成员的主要职责，不是在社会上或经济上提高整个家庭的地位。人们通常认为，什么是对个人最好的要比什么是对家庭最好的更为重要。与自由相伴而来的是照顾自己的责任，因为所选择的自由承载了责任，即必须接受自己的选择所带来的后果。许多美国人给他们的孩子很多的自由，因为他们希望孩子们能够独立和自力更生。在美国人强调个人自由的同时，父母与孩子间平等的信念也对美国家庭产生了巨大的影响。
原文：孝道（filial piety）是中国古代社会的基本道德规范（code of ethics）。中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭和睦之本、国家安康之本。由于孝道是儒家伦理思想的核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系的道德准则。它毫无疑问是中华民族的一种传统美德。孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。它既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪（institutional etiquette）。一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽的义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。孝道是古老的"东方文明"之根本。
翻译：Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in ancient Chinese society Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a person's integrity, family harmony, and the nation's well-being With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics, it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years It's undoubtedly a traditional Chinese virtue The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range It includes not only cultural ideas but also institutional etiquettes Generally speaking, it refers to the obligation of children to their parents required by the society, including respect, care, support for the elderly and so forth Filial piety is fundamental to the ancient "Oriental civilization"
Unit 4
原文：Valentine's Day on February 14 is celebrated in various American and European countries It is a holiday of love and romance usually by exchanging valentines or love tokens between lovers There are different origins regarding the festival One legend goes that the Romans put a priest named Saint Valentine into prison for refusing to believe in the Roman gods On February 14, Valentine was put to death not only because he was Christian, but also because he had cured the jailer's daughter of blindness The night before he was executed he wrote her a farewell letter signed "From your Valentine" Later, February 14 became a holiday for people to show affection for their loved ones Today, people celebrate Valentine's Day in different ways, sending greeting cards and flowers, giving chocolate or other gifts, or joining in romantic dinners The holiday has now become popular all over the world In China the festival is also becoming increasingly popular with young people
翻译：美洲和欧洲各国都会庆祝2月14日的情人节。这是一个充满爱情和浪漫的节日，恋人之间通常都会交换情人卡和爱情信物。关于这个节日的起源有着不同的说法。一个传说是罗马人把一个叫圣瓦伦丁的神父关进了监狱，因为他拒绝相信罗马神。2月14日那天，瓦伦丁被处死，不仅因为他是基督徒，而且因为他曾治愈了一位监狱看守双目失明的女儿。他在被处死的前一天晚上给她写了一封署名“你的瓦伦丁”的告别信。后来，2月14日就成了一个人们可以为他们的情人展示感情的节日。现在，人们以不同的方式庆祝情人节，他们发送贺卡、鲜花，赠送巧克力或其他礼品，或共进浪漫的晚餐。现在这个节日已流行世界各地。在中国，这个节日也正越来越受年轻人的欢迎。
原文：农历七月初七是中国的七夕节 (Qixi Festival)，是中国传统节日中最具浪漫色彩的一个节日。一些大的商家每年都举办不同的活动，年轻人也送礼物给他们的情人。因此，七夕节被认为是中国的“情人节”(Valentine's Day)。七夕节来自牛郎与织女（Cowherd and Weaving Maid）的传说。相传，每年的这个夜晚，天上的织女都会与牛郎相会。所以，在七夕的夜晚，人们可以看到牛郎织女在银河 （the Milky Way）相会。姑娘们也会在这一天晚上向天上的织女乞求智慧，以获得美满姻缘。但随着时代的变迁，这些活动正在消失，唯有标志着忠贞爱情的牛郎织女的传说一直流传民间。
翻译：July 7th on the Chinese calendar is Chinese Qixi Festival, the most romantic of all the traditional Chinese holidays Every year, some big businesses organize various activities, and young people send gifts to their lovers As a result, the Qixi Festival is considered to be Chinese "Valentine's Day" The Qixi Festival is derived from the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid The legend holds that on this particular night every year the Weaving Maid in heaven meets with Cowherd So, people can see Cowherd and Weaving Maid meeting in the Milky Way on the night of Qixi On this night, girls would also beg Weaving Maid for some wisdom for a happy marriage But, with the changing of times, these activities are diminishing All that remains is the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid, a sign of faithful love, continuously circulated among the folk
